提炼一个文章的哪些“语言要素”除了有助于我们在阅读中游刃有余，也有助于托福写作能力的提高。
托福阅读例子 原文：
Geologists have long known that the Earth"s mantle is heterogeneous， but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands， islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system， whose source， most geologists contend， is the upper mantle.Some geologists， however， on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered， but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly， according to the vagaries of the fluids" pathways. We believe， perhaps unimaginatively， that this debate can be resolved through further study， and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key。
一、难词
spatial： a.1.空间的，太空的；2.存在(或者发生)于宇宙空间的
plume： n.1.羽状物2.柱，地柱
xenolith：俘虏岩
percolate：v.1.渗透2.扩散到，弥漫于
portions： n。一部分
二、难句
难句1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle。
对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句前面的主干并不算难，即the evidence is the fact that，难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语，又有从句，较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks，主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的；islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system， whose source， most geologists contend， is the upper mantle。
句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说，单看这一个句子，则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle，这应该可以推测出，既然不同于上层地幔，则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。
难句2. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句的主句中有一个长插入语however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths，割裂了主谓，但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中，从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子，一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids;后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构，都是修饰incompatible elements的，最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构，层层修饰，比较复杂。
三、文章结构
Ts是文章的第一句，因此这一篇短文章是结论解释型。文章开始说出了地幔是heterogeneous，然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved，然后提出了两种理论，一是layyered-mantle thesis，另外一个是irregularly heterogeneous。然后分别对这两种理论进行describe。最后作者指出，We believe，perhaps unimaginatively， that this debate can be resolved through further study， and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key。
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