George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731]– December 14, 1799) served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and as the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. Because of his significant role in the revolution and in the formation of the United States, he is often revered by Americans as the "Father of Our Country".
The Continental Congress appointed Washington commander-in-chief of the American revolutionary forces in 1775. The following year, he forced the British out of Boston, lost New York City, and crossed the Delaware River in New Jersey, defeating the surprised enemy units later that year. Because of his strategy, Revolutionary forces captured the two main British combat armies at Saratoga and Yorktown. Negotiating with Congress, the colonial states, and French allies, he held together a tenuous army and a fragile nation amid the threats of disintegration and failure. Following the end of the war in 1783, King George III asked what Washington would do next and was told of rumors that he would return to his farm; this prompted the king to state, "If he does that, he will be the greatest man in the world." Washington did return to private life and retired to his plantation at Mount Vernon.
He presided over the Philadelphia Convention that drafted the United States Constitution in 1787 because of general dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation. Washington became President of the United States in 1789 and established many of the customs and usages of the new government"s executive department. He sought to create a nation capable of surviving in a world torn asunder by war between Britain and France. His unilateral Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793 provided a basis for avoiding any involvement in foreign conflicts. He supported plans to build a strong central government by funding the national debt, implementing an effective tax system, and creating a national bank. Washington avoided the temptation of war and a decade of peace with Britain began with the Jay Treaty in 1795; he used his prestige to get it ratified over intense opposition from the Jeffersonians. Although never officially joining the Federalist Party, he supported its programs and was its inspirational leader. Washington"s farewell address was a primer on republican virtue and a stern warning against partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars. He was awarded the first Congressional Gold Medal with the Thanks of Congress in 1776.
Washington died in 1799. Henry Lee, delivering the funeral oration, declared Washington "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen". Historical scholars consistently rank him as one of the greatest United States presidents.
Career
Washington embarked upon a career as a planter, which historians defined as those who held 20 or more slaves. In 1748, he was invited to help survey Lord Fairfax"s lands west of the Blue Ridge. In 1749, he was appointed to his first public office, surveyor of newly created Culpeper County. Through his half-brother, Lawrence Washington, he became interested in the Ohio Company, which aimed to exploit Western lands. In 1751, George and his half-brother traveled to Barbados, staying at Bush Hill House, hoping for an improvement in Lawrence"s tuberculosis. This was the only time George Washington traveled outside what is now the United States.After Lawrence"s death in 1752, George inherited part of his estate and took over some of Lawrence"s duties as adjutant of the colony.
In late 1752, Virginia"s newly arrived Governor, Robert Dinwiddie, divided command of the militia into four regions and George applied for one of the commands, his only qualifications being his zeal and being the younger brother of the former adjutant. Washington was appointed a district adjutant general in the Virginia militia in 1752, which appointed him Major Washington at the age of 20. He was charged with training the militia in the quarter assigned to him. At age 21, in Fredericksburg, Washington became a Master Mason in the organization of Freemasons, a fraternal organization that was a lifelong influence.
In December 1753, Washington was asked by Governor Dinwiddie to carry a British ultimatum to the French Canadians on the Ohio frontier. Washington assessed French military strength and intentions, and delivered the message to the French Canadians at Fort Le Boeuf in present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania. The message, which went unheeded, called for the French Canadians to abandon their development of the Ohio country. The two colonial powers were heading toward worldwide conflict. Washington"s report on the affair was widely read on both sides of the Atlantic.
Presidency
The Electoral College elected Washington unanimously in 1789, and again in the 1792 election; he remains the only president to have received 100 percent of the electoral votes. At his inauguration, he insisted on having Barbados Rum served.John Adams was elected vice president. Washington took the oath of office as the first President under the Constitution for the United States of America on April 30, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City although, at first, he had not wanted the position.
The 1st United States Congress voted to pay Washington a salary of $25,000 a year—a large sum in 1789. Washington, already wealthy, declined the salary, since he valued his image as a selfless public servant. At the urging of Congress, however, he ultimately accepted the payment, to avoid setting a precedent whereby the presidency would be perceived as limited only to independently wealthy individuals who could serve without any salary. Washington attended carefully to the pomp and ceremony of office, making sure that the titles and trappings were suitably republican and never emulated European royal courts. To that end, he preferred the title "Mr. President" to the more majestic names suggested.
Washington proved an able administrator. An excellent delegator and judge of talent and character, he held regular cabinet meetings to debate issues before making a final decision. In handling routine tasks, he was "systematic, orderly, energetic, solicitous of the opinion of others but decisive, intent upon general goals and the consistency of particular actions with them."
Washington reluctantly served a second term as president. He refused to run for a third, establishing the customary policy of a maximum of two terms for a president, which later became law by the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution.
Foreign affairs
Statue of Washington in Paris, FranceIn 1793, the revolutionary government of France sent diplomat Edmond-Charles Genêt, called "Citizen Genêt," to America. Genêt issued letters of marque and reprisal to American ships so they could capture British merchant ships. He attempted to turn popular sentiment towards American involvement in the French war against Britain by creating a network of Democratic-Republican Societies in major cities. Washington rejected this interference in domestic affairs, demanded the French government recall Genêt, and denounced his societies.
Hamilton and Washington designed the Jay Treaty to normalize trade relations with Britain, remove them from western forts, and resolve financial debts left over from the Revolution. John Jay negotiated and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794. The Jeffersonians supported France and strongly attacked the treaty. Washington and Hamilton, however, mobilized public opinion and won ratification by the Senate by emphasizing Washington"s support. The British agreed to depart their forts around the Great Lakes, the Canadian-U.S. boundary was adjusted, numerous pre-Revolutionary debts were liquidated, and the British opened their West Indies colonies to American trade. Most importantly, the treaty delayed war with Britain and instead brought a decade of prosperous trade with that country. This angered the French and became a central issue in political debates.
Retirement and death
After retiring from the presidency in March 1797, Washington returned to Mount Vernon with a profound sense of relief. He devoted much time to farming.
On July 4, 1798, Washington was commissioned by President John Adams to be Lieutenant General and Commander-in-chief of the armies raised or to be raised for service in a prospective war with France. He served as the senior officer of the United States Army between July 13, 1798, and December 14, 1799. He participated in the planning for a Provisional Army to meet any emergency that might arise, but did not take the field.
On December 12, 1799, Washington spent several hours inspecting his farms on horseback, in snow and later hail and freezing rain. He sat down to dine that evening without changing his wet clothes. The next morning, he awoke with a bad cold, fever, and a throat infection called quinsy that turned into acute laryngitis and pneumonia. Washington died on the evening of December 14, 1799, at his home aged 67, while attended by Dr. James Craik, one of his closest friends, Dr. Gustavus Richard Brown, Dr. Elisha C. Dick, and Tobias Lear V, Washington"s personal secretary. Lear would record the account in his journal, writing that Washington"s last words were ""Tis well." Modern doctors believe that Washington died largely because of his treatment, which included calomel and bloodletting, resulting in a combination of shock from the loss of five pints of blood, as well as asphyxia and dehydration.
Throughout the world, men and women were saddened by Washington"s death. Napoleon I ordered ten days of mourning throughout France; in the United States, thousands wore mourning clothes for months. To protect their privacy, Martha Washington burned the correspondence between her husband and herself following his death. Only three letters between the couple have survived.
乔治·华盛顿是美国首任总统（1789～1797年），美国独立战争大陆军总司令。1789年，当选为美国第一任总统，1793年连任，在两届任期结束后，他自愿放弃权力不再续任，隐退于弗农山庄园。华盛顿被尊称为美国国父，学者们则将他和亚伯拉罕·林肯并列为美国历史上最伟大的总统。
生平事迹
美国独立战争华盛顿在特拉华的战斗中：1775年—1783年在1774年华盛顿被选为维吉尼亚州的代表前往参加第一届大陆会议。由于波士顿倾茶事件，英国政府关闭了波士顿港，而且废除了马萨诸塞州的立法和司法权利。殖民地在1775年4月于列克星顿和康科特与英军开战后，华盛顿穿着军服席第二届大陆会议—他是唯一一个这么做的代表，表示了他希望带领维吉尼亚民兵参战的意愿。麻萨诸塞州的代表约翰·亚当斯推荐他担任所有殖民地的总指挥官，并称他拥有"担任军官的才能...极大的天份和普遍的特质"。因为亚当斯了解到，确保南方的殖民地能与北部殖民地合作顺利组成大陆军团的最好方法，便是推荐一个南方殖民地人士担任总指挥官。华盛顿在1775年6月15日经由大会选举无异议支持成为了总指挥官，虽然很舍不得离开心爱的维吉尼亚家园，华盛顿接受了指挥官职位，并宣称"我不认为我能胜任这个指挥官的光荣职位，但我会以最大的诚意接受职位"。华盛顿并宣称除了必要的开支外，不须付给他任何额外报酬。就这样，华盛顿于7月3日在麻萨诸塞州的剑桥担任了全殖民地军队的总指挥官。
华盛顿在1776年进攻波士顿，利用稍早在提康德罗加堡垒所夺取的火炮阵地，得以俯瞰整个波士顿港，最后将英军逐出了波士顿。英军指挥官威廉·何奥（William Howe）下令英军撤回加拿大的哈利法克斯。华盛顿接着率领军队前往纽约市，预期英军将发动攻势。拥有压倒性军力的英军于8月展开了攻势，而华盛顿所率领的撤退行动却相当笨拙，几乎全军覆没。他也在8月22日输掉了长岛战役（Battle of Long Island），不过得以撤退大多数的军队回到大陆。在接下来又输掉了几次战役，使得军队仓卒混乱的撤离了新泽西州，此时美国革命的未来岌岌可危。
在1776年12月25日的晚上，华盛顿杰出的指挥重整旗鼓。在这场特伦顿战役（Battle of Trenton）中，他领导美军跨越特拉华河，突袭黑森雇佣军（Hessian）的兵营。并接着在1777年1月2日的晚上向查理斯·康沃利斯（Charles Cornwallis）率领的英军发动突袭，这次奇袭振奋了支持独立的殖民地阵营的士气。
在1777年夏天华盛顿在普林斯顿的战斗结束后，英军发动了三路并进的攻势，一路由约翰·伯戈因（John Burgoyne）率领从加拿大向南进攻，一路由威廉·何奥率领攻击当时殖民地的首都费城。而华盛顿撤往南方，却在9月11日的布兰迪万河战役（Battle of Brandywine）中遭受惨败。为了击退英军而发动的日耳曼敦战役（Battle of Germantown）则因为浓雾和军队的混乱而告失败。华盛顿和他的军队只得撤回环境恶劣的佛吉谷（Valley Forge）艰难的渡过冬天。
在1777年至1778年的冬天，是大陆军（和政治上的革命运动也是）战况及士气最恶劣的时刻，大陆军遭受了极大的战损和恶劣的生活环境。但华盛顿依然坚定着指挥军队，并持续向后方的殖民地大会要求更多补给，使大陆军能克服寒冷的冬天，逐渐回复士气。2月时一名曾服役于普鲁士军参谋部的军官弗里德里希·冯·施托伊本（Friedrich von Steuben）前来佛吉谷，自愿帮忙训练华盛顿军队，以使他们能在战场上能和英军相较量。施托伊本在佛吉谷的训练改进了战术和作战纪律，大幅增进了殖民地军的战力，成为了殖民地军得以摆脱乌合之众状态的分水岭。在佛吉谷的训练告一段落时，华盛顿的军队已经焕然一新了。
华盛顿接着率领军于1778年6月28日的蒙茅斯战役（Battle of Monmouth）中攻击从费城前往纽约的英军，与英军打成平手，但英军殖民地政府的企图于是失败了。由于这场战役的胜利，加上一年前于萨拉托加战役（Battle of Saratoga）中击败了伯戈因率领的入侵英军，情势逐渐好转，英军显然无法攻克整个新国家，因此法国决定正式与美国结盟。
1780年在1778年后英军最后一次的试着分离殖民地，这次英军集中于南方地区。华盛顿的军队并没有直接攻击他们，而是前往驻扎位于纽约的西点（West Point）军事基地。在1779年华盛顿命令5分之1的大陆军展开沙利文远征（Sullivan Expedition），对那些与英军结了盟且常攻击美军前线堡垒的易洛魁联盟的6个部落的其中4个发动攻势。并没有战斗发生，不过至少摧毁了40个易洛魁村庄，使这些印地安人被迫永远离开美国，迁徙至加拿大。在1781年美军以及法国陆军和海军一同包围了康沃利斯在约克敦的军队，华盛顿迅速前往南方，于10月17日接掌指挥美军和法军，继续围城战斗直到10月17日康沃利斯投降，10月19日，他接过了康沃利斯的投降宝剑。尽管英军仍在纽约市和其他地点活动直到1783年，这场战役成了独立战争最后一场主要的战斗。
接着在1783年，随着巴黎条约（1783年）的签署，英国承认了美国的独立。华盛顿解散了他的军队，并在新泽西州的洛基山（Rocky Hill）向追随了他多年的士兵们发表了精采的告别演说[4]。几天后，英国人从纽约市撤退，华盛顿和殖民地政府重回城市，他于12月4日在纽约市发表了正式的告别演说。
应该指出的是，华盛顿的战术毫无特殊之处，既无开创性、也对军事历史毫无影响，而且他常在许多次战役中都犯下大错。但他仍被捧为战争英雄，因为支持他的人们认为，由于他所主张的革命概念，美军也在战争中存活并持续战斗，使得美国得以维持独立持续至今。华盛顿一直躲开与英军直接的冲突，避免了美军决定性的战败或投降。他相当了解美军的弱点并且也限制了他们进行过于冒险的行动，并利用他勇敢的人格激励军队，使他们能撑过漫长而艰难的战争。
华盛顿在战争中选择了正确的战略，如同古罗马将军费比乌斯·马克西姆斯（Fabius Maximus）在第二次布匿战争的战略，持续的拖延敌人将能使英国人如同当年的汉尼拔一样，"攻到了门外"但却"不得其门而入"。很快英国人将会了解到继续作战只是浪费资源，他们只能追击美军进行混战，却无法彻底捕捉到美军的主力。华盛顿了解到这场战争将会经由外交途径取得胜利，而不是靠着士兵们。
